LINEAR PI TEMPERATURE-CONCENTRATION CASCADE CONTROL FOR TUBULAR REACTORS

In this article we explore the application of linear PI cascade control schemes to improve the performance of industrial PI/PID controllers for controlling outlet reactor concentration. By departing from simple I/O first-order dynamical models obtained from step responses, it is shown that the incorporation of a secondary loop for regulating the reactor temperature at a given interior position significantly improves the control performance in the face of feed composition and temperature disturbances. The effects of the temperature sensor location and the usage of multiple temperature measurements are also evaluated.     

内模原理在转台波动力矩抑制中的应用

为了消除系统存在的周期性扰动特别是干扰力矩对系统速率平稳性能的影响,本文对基于内模原理的自适应周期性扰动抑制方法进行了研究,利用该控制策略能够较好的抑制含单一频率、多种频率和时变频率的周期性扰动.并且对扰动频率变化较快时频率估计中出现的波动现象进行了分析.该方法在测试转台模型上进行了仿真,仿真结果显示出了良好的扰动频率辨识能力和对扰动的抑制能力.     

Diabetes during Pregnancy: A Maternal Disease Complicating the Course of Pregnancy with Long-Term Deleterious Effects on the Offspring. A Clinical Review

In spite of the huge progress in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, we are still in the situation that both pregestational (PGDM) and gestational diabetes (GDM) impose an additional risk to the embryo, fetus, and course of pregnancy. PGDM may increase the rate of congenital malformations, especially cardiac, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and limbs. PGDM may interfere with fetal growth, often causing macrosomia, but in the presence of severe maternal complications, especially nephropathy, it may inhibit fetal growth. PGDM may also induce a variety of perinatal complications such as stillbirth and perinatal death, cardiomyopathy, respiratory morbidity, and perinatal asphyxia. GDM that generally develops in the second half of pregnancy induces similar but generally less severe complications. Their severity is higher with earlier onset of GDM and inversely correlated with the degree of glycemic control. Early initiation of GDM might even cause some increase in the rate of congenital malformations. Both PGDM and GDM may cause various motor and behavioral neurodevelopmental problems, including an increased incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Most complications are reduced in incidence and severity with the improvement in diabetic control. Mechanisms of diabetic-induced damage in pregnancy are related to maternal and fetal hyperglycemia, enhanced oxidative stress, epigenetic changes, and other, less defined, pathogenic mechanisms.     

Relations between damage symptoms and nutritional status of Norway spruce stands (Picea abies Karst.) in southwestern Germany

Since the mid-1970s new types of forest damage are observed in the Federal Republic of Germany. Typical damage symptoms in coniferous tree species are needle yellowing, reddening and premature loss of older foliage. Needle analysis carried out in damaged Norway spruce stands indicated that these phenomena, most of all needle yellowing, are influenced by the nutritional status of the trees. For the investigated sites Mg but also other elements, particularly P, S, K, Ca and Zn may play a causal role. As N is the most abundant element in the plant its form of uptake is important for a balanced nutrition. On the contrary to NO₃-N high NH₄-N uptake reduces the uptake of cations, particularly Mg and Ca, eventually inducing foliar discoloration symptoms on specific sites. Fertilizer experiments indicated that Mg fertilization is an appropriate tool to mitigate forest damages associated with Mg deficiency for a sustained time period. The application of N in the form of NH₄-N may impede Mg uptake. This mechanism may cause severe damage in forest areas receiving continuously high NH₄-N deposition.     

基于观测器的受正弦扰动MIMO系统最优跟踪控制

研究具有外界正弦扰动作用下MIMO系统的最优跟踪控制问题.根据扰动特点,假设拉格朗日算子化简求解系统两点边值问题,通过求解Riccati方程和矩阵方程分别在有限时域和无限时域得到系统前馈反馈最优跟踪控制律.证明了最优跟踪控制律的存在唯一性条件,并给出了最优跟踪控制律的实现算法.构造降维参考输入观测器解决了控制律中前馈项物理不可实现问题.仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性.     

罗茨真空泵转子系统动力学建模

由于内部激励和外部扰动的存在,罗茨真空泵在工作过程中会产生很大的振动问题。为了更好地对罗茨真空泵转子系统进行动力学分析,采用集中质量法,考虑电机、齿轮、罗茨转子等结构的基础上对系统进行动力学建模。采用牛顿欧拉法分别建立了转子系统的纯扭转模型以及偏心弯扭耦合模型的振动微分方程并考虑了重力的影响。研究发现由于齿轮啮合时变刚度的存在,转子系统存在稳定性问题。同时由于偏心的存在,转子的弯曲振动和扭转振动存在相互耦合。研究内容为之后对系统的稳定性分析以及弯扭耦合振动分析奠定了基础。     

基于液—固耦合有限元仿真的液阻悬置集总参数模型动特性分析

探讨应用非线性固体有限元和液-固耦合非线性有限元仿真方法预测与识别液阻悬置集总参数模型的主要参数(如上液室的体积刚度和等效活塞面积、惯性通道中的液体和解耦板及其附连液体的惯性系数与流量阻尼系数等)的分析方法。在此基础上，利用集总参数分析模型对一种轿车用液阻悬置的动特性进行计算分析。数值预测结果与实测结果或近似解析计算结果的对比分析表明，基于液-固耦合有限元仿真方法的液阻悬置集总参数模型动特性分析技术是可行、有效的，其预测结果精度特性满足工程要求。应用这种方法，可以在液阻悬置的设计开发阶段较精确地预测产品的性能和进行优化设计，有利于提高产品设计质量、缩短开发周期。     

基于小生境粒子群优化的挖掘机器人自抗扰视觉伺服控制

为提高挖掘机器人的自主挖掘能力,设计一种基于图像的自抗扰视觉伺服控制器,对挖掘机器人的动臂、斗杆、铲斗组成的3节机械臂末端位置和姿态在x-z平面进行控制,实现自主挖掘目标任务。针对自抗扰控制器需要整定的参数较多,参数间相互影响,整定困难的特点,引入粒子群算法对控制器参数进行优化。由于原始粒子群算法存在后期易陷入局部最优的缺欠,采用小生境粒子群算法对自抗扰控制器参数进行整定优化。对粒子群及小生境粒子群算法的优化性能进行比较研究的基础上,设计了适合挖掘机器人的自抗扰视觉伺服控制器,采用小生境粒子群算法得到自抗扰控制器整定参数。搭建xPCTarget主机—目标机环境进行试验及仿真,表明小生境粒子群优化的自抗扰视觉伺服控制器控制精度高、鲁棒性强。     

Performance evaluation of WPT based islanding detection for grid-connected PV systems

Recent developments in power electronics technology have emerged towards the generation of electrical power from the renewable energy sources. Among renewable energy sources, solar energy has garnered more importance because of less maintenance and environmental friendly. In grid connected mode, distributed power generation system (DPGS) requires reliable islanding detection technique to find the electrical grid status and operate the grid connected inverter effectively. This paper investigates a comparative performance analysis of wavelet transform (WT) and wavelet packet transform (WPT) based detection in a three-phase grid connected PV inverter system under various power quality disturbances and islanding situation. The WT and WPT coefficients are determined by applying db4 wavelet basis functions, which are obtained optimally for analyzing perturbations that occur in grid connected PV system. The wavelet transform produces large errors due to spectral leakages in frequency bands. On the other hand, WPT provides uniform frequency subband with better time frequency resolution over WT. Finally, the feasibility of proposed WPT based islanding detection method is verified by simulating the system in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The simulated results demonstrate the better performance of WPT over WT technique and proved as an accurate, fast and reliable detection technique.     

Psychiatric versus psychological opinion regarding personality disturbances.

Results of a survey "designed to determine, at least to some extent, the degree of diversity and disunity of opinion between" psychiatrists and psychologists are presented. An objective questionnaire, consisting of 100 "declarative statements covering the nature, cause, and treatment of disturbances to the mental life and behavior of individuals, with chief emphasis on characteristics usually identified as psychotic and neurotic" which were representative of current opinion, was used. 75 psychiatrists (32 working in mental hospitals in Pennsylvania and New Jersey and 43 practicing psychiatrists in 21 states and the District of Columbia) and 60 psychologists (in 23 states and the District of Columbia) were the Ss. "Only 19 statements of opinion, out of the 100 explored in this study, reveal statistically significant differences of opinion between psychiatrists and psychologists." Psychiatrists show a higher degree of acceptance on 14 items, psychologists a higher degree of acceptance on the other 5. The specific items on which differences were indicated are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)